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Samael

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This article is about the archangel. For other uses, see Samael (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Samuel.
Samael (1890) by Evelyn De Morgan [citation needed]
A relief of the Archangel Samiel in red robe, shown on the left side of the altar at Saint Bartholomew's Church, in Sydenham, London.

Samael (Hebrew: סַמָּאֵל, Sammāʾēl, "Venom/Poison of God";[1] Arabic: سمسمائيل, Samsama'il or سمائل, Samail; alternatively Smal, Smil, Samil, or Samiel)[2][3][4] is an archangel in Talmudic and post-Talmudic tradition; a figure who is the accuser or adversary (Satan in the Book of Job), seducer, and destroying angel (in the Book of Exodus).

Although many of his functions resemble the Christian notion of Satan, to the point of being sometimes identified as a fallen angel,[5][6][7]: 257–60  he is not necessarily evil, since his functions are also regarded as resulting in good, such as destroying sinners.[3]

He is considered in Midrashic texts to be a member of the heavenly host with often grim and destructive duties. One of Samael's most significant roles in Jewish lore is that of the main angel of death and the head of satans. Although he condemns man's sins, he remains one of God's servants. He appears frequently in the story of the Garden of Eden and engineered the fall of Adam and Eve with a snake in writings during the Second Temple period.[5] However, the serpent is not a form of Samael, but a beast he rode like a camel.[8] In a single account he is also believed to be the father of Cain,[6][9] as well as the partner of Lilith. In early Talmudic and Midrashic literature, he has not yet been identified with Satan. Only in later Midrashim is he entitled "head of satans."[10]

As guardian angel and prince of Rome, he is the archenemy of Israel. By the beginning of Jewish culture in Europe, Samael had been established as a representative of Christianity due to his identification with Rome.[11][7]: 263 

In some Gnostic cosmologies, Samael's role as a source of evil became identified with the Demiurge, the creator of the material world. Although probably both accounts originate from the same source, the Gnostic development of Samael differs from the Jewish development of Samael, in which Samael is merely an angel and messenger of God.

Judaism

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Second Temple period and posteriority

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Jacob Wrestles with the Angel, Gustave Doré (1855)

Samael was first mentioned during the Second Temple period and immediately after its destruction. He is first mentioned in the Book of Enoch, which is a part of the Jewish apocrypha, along with other rebellious angels. In Enoch 1, he is one of the Watchers who descended to Earth to copulate with human women, although he is not their leader,[5] this being Samyaza.[6]

In the Greek Apocalypse of Baruch,[5] he is the dominant evil figure. Samael plants the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thereupon he is banished and cursed by God.[7]: 257–60  To take revenge, he tempts Adam and Eve into sin by taking the form of the serpent.[5][6]

He appears further as the embodiment of evil in the Ascension of Isaiah and is called by various names:

  • Melkira Hebrew: מלך רע, "king of evil/wicked"
  • Malkira / Malchira מלאך רע, "Messenger of evil"
  • Belkira prob. בעל קיר, "lord of the wall"
  • Bechira בחיר רע, "elect/chosen of evil

The names Belial and Satan are also applied to him, and he gains control of King Manasseh to accuse Isaiah of treason.[6]

Talmudic-Midrashic literature

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In Talmudic and midrash, Samael's role as an agent of evil is relatively marginal. However, from the fifth or sixth century onward, he becomes one of the most prominent among the demonic entities.[7]: 257–60  Samael has not been identified with the angel of death in the Talmud.[12]

In the Exodus Rabbah, Samael is depicted as the accuser in the heavenly court and tempter to sin, while Michael defends Israel's actions.[13] Here, Samael is identified with Satan. While Satan describes his function as an "accuser," Samael is considered his proper name. He also fulfills the role of the Angel of Death when he comes to take the body of Moses and is called the leader of Satan.

The title of satan is also applied to him in the midrash Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer, where he is the chief of the fallen angels,[7]: 257–60  and a twelve-winged seraph.[14] According to the text, Samael opposed the creation of Adam and descended to Earth to tempt him into evil. Riding the serpent, he convinces Eve to eat the forbidden fruit.[6] His role here might be similar to the Islamic idea of Iblis,[15] who refused to prostrate himself before Adam because he consists of fire and Adam merely from dust.[16][17] The midrash also reveals Samael fathered Cain with Eve.[6]

In the smaller midrashim, he is the ruler of hell. Several sources, such as Yalkut Shimoni (I, 110) describe him as the guardian angel of Esau relating him to Rome, the one who wrestled with Jacob, the angel who ordered Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, and a patron of Edom.[2][18]

Kabbalah

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In Kabbalah, Samael is described as the "severity of God" and is listed as fifth of the archangels of the world of Beri'ah. Among his portions are Esau, the people who inherit the sword and bring war; the goats and se'irim (demons); and the destroyer angels.[10]

Although both Samael and Lilith are major demons in earlier Jewish traditions, they do not appear paired until the second half of the thirteenth century, when they are introduced together.[19] Lilith is a demon created alongside Adam, originally created for the role Eve would fill, who then becomes Samael's bride. With her, Samael created a host of demon children, including a son, the "Sword of Samael"[20] (or of Asmodai).[21]

In the Kabbalistic work Treatise on the Left Emanation, Samael is part of the qlippoth, prince of all demons, and spouse of Lilith.[6] The two are said to parallel Adam and Eve, being emanated together from the Throne of Glory as a counterpart. Asmodeus is also mentioned to be subservient to Samael and married to a younger, lesser Lilith.[22] According to the treatise, God castrated Samael in order not to fill the world with their demonic offspring, this being the reason why Lilith seeks to fornicate with men.[6]

In the Zohar, one of Kabbalah's principal works, Samael is described as a leader of the divine forces of destruction, part of the qlippoth. He is mentioned again as the serpent's rider,[8] and is described as having mated with Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, and Agrat bat Mahlat, all being "angels" of sacred prostitution.[23] Notably, the same work later calls him Azazel,[8] which might be a case of mistaken identity, as Azazel may be himself in Zoharistic lore a combination of the angels Ouza and Azrael.[24]

It is also said that the Baal Shem Tov summoned Samael to make him do his bidding.[25]

Other tradition

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Samael sits enrobed with scythe in hand on top of the world, an illustration of Poe's "The Raven" by Gustave Doré (1884)

Samael is also depicted as the angel of death and one of the seven archangels, the ruler over the Fifth Heaven and commander of two million angels such as the chief of all the destroying angels.

According to the apocryphal Gedulat Moshe (The Apocalypse of Moses, "The Ascension of Moses" in The Legends of the Jews by Louis Ginzberg) Samael is also mentioned as being in 7th Heaven:

In the last heaven Moses saw two angels, each five hundred parasangs in height, forged out of chains of black fire and red fire, the angels Af, "Anger", and Hemah, "Wrath", whom God created at the beginning of the world, to execute His will. Moses was disquieted when he looked upon them, but Metatron embraced him, and said, "Moses, Moses, thou favorite of God, fear not, and be not terrified," and Moses became calm. There was another angel in the seventh heaven, different in appearance from all the others, and of frightful mien. His height was so great, it would have taken five hundred years to cover a distance equal to it, and from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet he was studded with glaring eyes. "This one," said Metatron, addressing Moses, "is Samael, who takes the soul away from man." "Whither goes he now?" asked Moses, and Metatron replied, "To fetch the soul of Job the pious." Thereupon Moses prayed to God in these words, "O may it be Thy will, my God and the God of my fathers, not to let me fall into the hands of this angel."[26]

Gnosticism

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A lion-faced deity found on a Gnostic gem in Bernard de Montfaucon's L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures may be a depiction of the Demiurge, Samael.

In the Apocryphon of John, On the Origin of the World, and Hypostasis of the Archons, found in the Nag Hammadi library, Samael is one of three names of the demiurge, whose other names are Yaldabaoth and Saklas.

After Yaldabaoth claims sole divinity for himself, the voice of Sophia comes forth calling him Samael, due to his ignorance.[27][28] In On the Origin of the World, his name is explained as "blind god" and his fellow Archons are said to be blind, too. This reflecting the characteristics of the Christian devil, making people blind, as does the devil in 2 Corinthians 4. Also Samael is the first sinner in the Hypostasis of the Archons and the First Epistle of John calls the devil as sinner from the beginning. These characteristics combined with his boasting conflates the Jewish god with the devil.[29] His appearance is that of a lion-faced serpent.[30] Although the Gnostics and Jewish originally used the same source, both depictions of Samael developed independently.[7]: 266 

Samael is sometimes confused in some books with Camael, who appears in the Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians also as an evil power, whose name is similar to words meaning "like God" (but Camael with a waw missing). The name might be explained, because in Jewish traditions, the snake had the form of a camel, before it was banished by God.[7]: 259 

Anthroposophy

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To anthroposophists, Samael is known as one of the seven archangels: Saint Gregory gives the seven archangels as Anael, Gabriel, Michael, Oriphiel, Raphael, Samael, and Zerachiel.[citation needed] They are all imagined to have a special assignment to act as a global zeitgeist ('time-spirit'), each for periods of about 360 years.[31]

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Samael" – Jewish Encyclopedia
  2. ^ a b Davidson, Gustav (1971). "Samael". A Dictionary of Angels, Including the Fallen Angels. New York City: Simon & Schuster. p. 255. ISBN 978-0029070505.
  3. ^ a b Jung, Leo (July 1925). "Fallen Angels in Jewish, Christian and Mohammedan Literature. A Study in Comparative Folk-Lore". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 16 (1). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press: 88. doi:10.2307/1451748. JSTOR 1451748.
  4. ^ Charlesworth, James H., ed. (February 1, 2010). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. 658. ISBN 9781598564914.
  5. ^ a b c d e Jewish Virtual Library – Samael
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Patai, Raphael (2015). Encyclopedia of Jewish Folklore and Traditions. London: Routledge. p. 463. ISBN 978-1317471714.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson. [1998] 2013. Perspectives on Jewish Thought. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136650123.
  8. ^ a b c Orlov, Andrei A. (2013). Heavenly Priesthood in the Apocalypse of Abraham. Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-1107470996.
  9. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia – Samael
  10. ^ a b Yisraeli, O. (2016). Temple Portals: Studies in Aggadah and Midrash in the Zohar. Deutschland: De Gruyter. p. 146
  11. ^ Gross, Abraham (1995). Iberian Jewry from Twilight to Dawn: The World of Rabbi Abraham Saba. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 978-9004100534.
  12. ^ Referenzen EVERSON, D. L. A Brief Comparison of Targumic and Midrashic Angelological Traditions. Aramaic Studies, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 75–91, 2007. doi:10.1163/147783507X231930. Acesso em: 30 Jan. 2022.
  13. ^ Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). Encyclopedia of Judaism. Infobase Publishing. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-816-06982-8.
  14. ^ Dulkin, Ryan S. "The Devil Within: A Rabbinic Traditions-History of the Samael Story in 'Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer.'" Jewish Studies Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 2, 2014, pp. 153–175., JSTOR 24751800. Accessed 6 Sept. 2021.
  15. ^ Seidenberg, David Mevorach (2015). Kabbalah and Ecology. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-107-08133-8.
  16. ^ Dan, Joseph (1987). Gershom Scholem and the Mystical Dimension of Jewish History. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-814-72097-4.
  17. ^ Thompson, William Irwin (1996). The Time Falling Bodies take to Light: Mythology, sexuality, and the origins of culture. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-312-16062-3.
  18. ^ Schwartz, Howard (2006). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-195-32713-7.
  19. ^ Dan, Joseph (April 1980). "Samael, Lilith, and the concept of evil in early Kabbalah". AJS Review. 5. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 17–40. doi:10.1017/S0364009400000052. S2CID 161672440.
  20. ^ Rosemary Ellen Guiley (2009). The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology. Infobase Publishing. pp. 222ff. ISBN 978-1-4381-3191-7.
  21. ^ "Lilith the younger". Liber 777 Notes. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014.
  22. ^ Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H. (1999). Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-0253212719.
  23. ^ Johnson, Erika D. "Myth of sacred prostitution in antiquity". rosetta.bham.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  24. ^ Laitman, Michael Rav. "Sefer-Zohar" (PDF).
  25. ^ Buber, Martin (1947). Tales of the Hasidim. New York City: Schocken Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-307-83407-2.
  26. ^ Ginzberg, Louis, The Legends of the Jews— Volume 2: From Joseph to the Exodus, The Ascension of Moses, Forgotten Books, April 21, 2018, ISBN 978-0265621684.
  27. ^ Gilhus, Ingvild Sælid. 1985. The Nature of the Archons: A Study in the Soteriology of a Gnostic Treatise from Nag Hammadi (CGII, 4). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447025188. p. 44
  28. ^ Fischer-Mueller, E. Aydeet. 1990. "Yaldabaoth: The Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness." Novum Testamentum 32(1):79–95. JSTOR 1560677.
  29. ^ M. David Litwa esiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN 978-0190467173 p. 55
  30. ^ Fischer-Mueller, E. Aydeet. “Yaldabaoth: The Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness.” Novum Testamentum, vol. 32, no. 1, 1990, pp. 79–95. JSTOR 1560677
  31. ^ Matherne, Bobby. 2003. "The Archangel Michael, GA# 67" (review). A Reader's Journal 2. Retrieved on 11 October 2014.

General and cited references

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Further reading

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  • Bamberger, Bernard Jacob (15 March 2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's realm. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0797-0.
  • The Ascension of Isaiah. Translated by Charles, R. H. London: Adam & Charles Black. 1900.
  • Cruz, Joan C. (1999). Angels and Devils. Tan Books & Publishers. ISBN 0-89555-638-3.
  • Jung, Leo (1925). "Fallen Angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan literature. A study in comparative folk-lore". The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. published in four parts:
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